[383] Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy that was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century. Thus, Bulgaria backed the VMORO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization) and its staging of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenia Uprising in 1903 and several other revolts in then European Turkey in that period. [382] Mavrud, Rubin, Shiroka melnishka, Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine. In this study contributing to the documentation and understanding of this conflict, author Igor Despot has not only reviews the events of the wars, but also considers these events in light of pertinent cultural aspects, identifying the ... Bulgaria (/bʌlˈɡɛəriə, bʊl-/ (listen); Bulgarian: България, romanized: Bǎlgarija), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,[a] is a country in Southeast Europe. [88], The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III (1918–1943). [293] Vivacom (BTC) serves more than 90% of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with A1 and Telenor. With this work, Todorova offers a timely, updated, accessible study of how an innocent geographic appellation was transformed into one of the most powerful and widespread pejorative designations in modern history. [104][105], The Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. [69][70] The clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive, enabling its survival in remote rural areas,[71] and in the militant Catholic community in the northwest of the country. Foreign media analysis on Bulgaria and World News in Brief are also part of the web site and the online newspaper. How Rwanda became the first African country with an electronic procurement system. The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) was the official name of the Bulgarian socialist republic that existed from 1946 to 1990, when the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) was ruling together with the 'oppositional' National Agrarian Party. The image has become iconic; one of many. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F), while the highest is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F). Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy. [115] Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkans. [230] The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results, but the social consequences of these measures, such as increased income inequality and accelerated outward migration, have been "catastrophic" according to the International Trade Union Confederation. The Struma and the Maritsa are two major rivers in the south. [351] Pancho Vladigerov and Petko Staynov further enriched symphony, ballet and opera, which singers Ghena Dimitrova, Boris Christoff, Ljuba Welitsch and Nicolai Ghiaurov elevated to a world-class level. Country Profile. To do this, Bulgaria had to be able to enter international alliances, and to declare war as a sovereign nation state. 1908 - Bulgaria declares itself an independent kingdom. Zahari Zograf was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions. [358] The schools' emphasis on Christian scriptures made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavs under the influence of Christianity and providing them with a written language. [142], Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003. 2009 July - General election is won by the centre-right GERB party led by Sofia mayor Boiko Borisov. [267] Private businesses accounted for more than 73% of R&D expenditures and employed 42% of Bulgaria's 22,000 researchers in 2015. Bulgaria - Bulgaria - The early communist era: The consolidation of communist power in Bulgaria was carried out by 1948, coinciding with the completion of the peace treaty with the Allies and the presence of Soviet occupation forces. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased. [274], Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, materials science and physics remains strong. A communist coup in 1944 led to the abolishment of the monarchy in 1946. On 3 April 1879 Sofia became the capital of Bulgaria. 2008 September - European Commission permanently strips Bulgaria of half of the aid frozen in July over what it says is the government's failure to tackle corruption and organised crime. From the bestselling author of McMafia and DarkMarket comes this unique and lively history of Balkan geopolitics since the early nineteenth century which gives readers the essential historical background to more than one hundred years of ... Even though the third Bulgarian state was technically restored in 1878, for the first 30 years of its existence it was a tributary principality to Ottoman Turkey, until complete independence was achieved on September 22, 1908. [19] The Copper Age Varna culture (fifth millennium BC) is credited with inventing gold metallurgy. [134] Particulate levels are the highest in Europe,[135] especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations. World History Unit 7. [106] The freedom of speech and of the press are respected by the government (as of 2015), but many media outlets are beholden to major advertisers and owners . Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, Bulgaria has been a unitary parliamentary republic composed of 28 provinces, with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. They are subsequently subjugated by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great and later by the Roman Empire. [143], Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments. Bulgaria's population was 8,230,371 on December 31, 1998. [17][18] The Karanovo culture arose circa 6,500 BC and was one of several Neolithic societies in the region that thrived on agriculture. A Polish Republic was proclaimed on November 3, 1918. Bulgaria is the south of the River Danube and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. [169] Government procurement in particular is a critical area in corruption risk. [341] In 2021, market research agency Reboot Online ranked Bulgaria as the best European country for women to work. The EU was not always as big as it is today. [224][225] The Bulgarian National Bank issues the national currency, lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа per euro. Saint Sofia Church in Sofia, Bulgaria, was built during the 4th century. [280][281], Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to space exploration. [99] Compared to wartime levels, national GDP increased five-fold and per capita GDP quadrupled by the 1980s,[100] although severe debt spikes took place in 1960, 1977 and 1980. The population increased gradually for most of the twentieth century, but has decreased by more than 700,000 people since 1988. Bulgaria (officially called the Republic of Bulgaria) is a country in south-eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. COVID-19ElectionsEuropean CommissionStefan YanevcoronavirusBoyko Borisov. [232][233] Bulgaria ranks 71st in the Corruption Perceptions Index[234] and experiences the worst levels of corruption in the European Union, a phenomenon that remains a source of profound public discontent. However, in 1885-1886, it backed informally but rather noticeably, Bulgaria's Unification, seeing that the Russian Empire at the time was against this move, which stirred diplomatic tension in the Balkans, and seized the chance to demolish Russian influence in Bulgaria. [352] Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably kukeri and survakari. Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency - www.sofianewsagency.com) is unique with being a real time news provider in English that informs its readers about the latest Bulgarian news. Video'Capturing souls' using a Victorian Polaroid, Your pictures on the theme of 'breaking free', Taliban announce new rules for female students1, England vaccine passport plans ditched, Javid says2, FBI declassifies document on Saudis and 9/113, Air force drill alarms French on 9/11 anniversary4, Why are there food queues in this Indian Ocean island?6, Ricciardo wins after Hamilton & Verstappen crash7, Abortion drama wins top prize at Venice festival8, Industry fears food shortages could be permanent9, Raducanu - the making of a US Open champion10. [145] Borisov's last cabinet saw a dramatic decrease in freedom of the press, and a number of corruption revelations that triggered yet another wave of mass protests in 2020. 1887 - Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha elected prince. [264] Tourism is additionally encouraged through the 100 Tourist Sites system. [327][328] The 2018 Bloomberg Health Care Efficiency Index ranked Bulgaria last out of 56 countries. 2008 February - European Commission interim report says Bulgaria and Romania have failed to show convincing results in their anti-graft drives. [116] Plains occupy about one third of the territory, while plateaux and hills occupy 41%. [322], High death rates result from a combination of an ageing population, a high number of people at risk of poverty and a weak healthcare system. He did, however, convince many of the Slavs to adopt Christianity. [336] Bulgaria's highest-ranked higher education institution is Sofia University.[337][338]. [289][290] Another lunar mission, SpaceIL's Beresheet, was also equipped with a Bulgarian-manufactured imaging payload. Land of Roses. 2010 June - EU expresses concern over reliability of Bulgarian national statistics and says these may have to be subjected to EU scrutiny. Bulgaria covers a territory of . [79] The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests. Bulgarian language, Bulgarian Bŭlgarski ezik, South Slavic language written in the Cyrillic alphabet and spoken in Bulgaria and parts of Greece, Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine.Together with Macedonian, to which it is most closely related, Bulgarian contrasts sharply with the other Slavic languages in its almost complete loss of case declension in the noun and in its use of certain grammatical . Hello Ronald, Poland is very similar to the country Bulgaria in that both were invaded by Germany at some point. Petur Stoyanov replaces Zhelev as president. Portugal: Portugal reigned over a vast empire made up of several colonies and outposts in South America, Africa and Asia. After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the empire disintegrated in 1396 and fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. Sofia, Plovdiv, Veliko Tarnovo, coastal resorts Albena, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko, Pamporovo and Borovets are some of the locations most visited by tourists. Other articles where History of Bulgaria is discussed: Bulgaria: History of Bulgaria: Evidence of human habitation in the area of Bulgaria dates from sometime within the Middle Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age; 100,000 to 40,000 bce). [103] These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey. [176] The bulk of criminal cases are transport-related, followed by theft and drug-related crime; homicide rates are low. [243] Despite repeated criticism from the European Commission,[239] EU institutions refrain from taking measures against Bulgaria because it supports Brussels on a number of issues, unlike Poland or Hungary. This updated edition includes the years from 1995 to 2004, a vital period in which Bulgaria endured financial meltdown, set itself seriously on the road to reform, elected its former King as prime minister, and finally secured membership of ... An estimated 10 billion leva ($5.99 billion) of state budget and European cohesion funds are spent on public tenders each year;[240] nearly 14 billion ($8.38 billion) were spent on public contracts in 2017 alone. 2014 November - Boyko Borisov returns to the premiership as his Gerb party forms coalition with fellow centre-right Reformist Bloc. In 1948-49, the Party severely restricted… [377][378] Collusion between politicians, oligarchs and the media is widespread. The books of the Mishnah, Talmud, and Torah thus became important to many Khazars. During World War II, most of Europe’s last monarchies collapsed. Under Tsar Boris III, Bulgaria had been a reluctant ally of Hitler’s Germany, refusing to send troops to fight the Soviets and resisting the Holocaust. cooperative. [102] Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, in 1984 Zhivkov's government forced the minority ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them. [159][160] GERB came out first in the regular April 2021 election, but with its weakest result so far. 1996 - Financial turmoil. Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe examines how gender identities were reconfigured in a Bulgarian Muslim community following the demise of Communism and an influx of international aid from the Islamic world. Socialist Party leader Georgi Parvanov wins presidency in an election with the lowest turnout since the fall of communism. 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