The Caucasian origin of the Azeris defines a link between Azeris and their pre-Turkification Caucasian past and mostly applies to the Azeris of the Caucasus, most of whom are now inhabitants of what is now the Republic of Azerbaijan. There is evidence of limited genetic admixture derived from Central Asians (specifically Haplogroup H12), notably the Turkmen, that is higher than that of their neighbors, the Georgians and Armenians. This name is used to designate five cities of Iran, Esfahan, Rey, Hamadan, Man Nahavand, and Azerbaijan. Today, there are about 400 Azerbaijani citizens in the "Ogonyok" camp in the Kaitag District. [23], The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) Since Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been renewed interest in religion and cross-border ethnic ties. The North Caucasus region is known as the Ciscaucasus, whereas the South Caucasus region is commonly known as the Transcaucasus. Between 11.2 and 20 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran, mainly in the northwestern provinces. Archaeological evidence from these regions show a large influence of Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic Iranian religion, along with an Iranian presence of more than 3000 years, starting with the settlement of the Medes in the area, both of which shaped the Iranian identity of the region that lasted until the Turkic invasions. The language of Gushtaspi covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan is called a Pahlavi language close to the language of Gilan.[21]. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and close ties to the Armenians. [31] Azerbaijani's celebrate a number of Iranian holidays, most notably Norouz. Azerbaijanis were integrated in the first cluster, together with Gorgan (Iranian Turkmen population) and Kurds, and in an intermediate position between Iranian populations and western Siberians, namely the Chuvashes, Mansis, Buryats and Todja (Tozhu Tuvans). By far the largest ethnic group in Azerbaijan (over 90%), the Azeris generally tend to dominate most aspects of the country. Azeri film and television is largely broadcast in Azerbaijan with limited outlets in Iran. [39] MtDNA analysis indicates that the main relationship with Iranians is through a larger West Eurasian group that is secondary to that of the Caucasus, according to a study that did not include Azerbaijanis, but Georgians who have clustered with Azerbaijanis in other studies. Azerbaijanis reveal a sense of belonging to Turkishsub-civilization, as well as a definite sense of belonging to Islamic civilization. However, Iranian cultural influence survived, as evidenced by the works of then contemporary writers such as Persian poet Nezāmī Ganjavī. Ismail I, Shah of Safavid Persia wrote Azeri poetry under the pen name Khatâ'i. Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians and Bahá'ís. Azerbaijan first appeared on the political scene of the world in 1918, with ethnic Azerbaijanis simply known as "Caucasian Turks" or "Caucasian Muslims" prior to the second half of the 19th century. Since, they have moved towards the adoption of Western social models as of the late 20th century. Also, many of the cities in these regions were founded before Turkic tribes reached the area. Azerbaijan is home to many ethnicities, most of them belonging to the Azeris group. The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azeris to become accomplished atheletes at the Olympic level. Analysis of the various subhaplogroups of R1b-M343 indicates an Asiatic influence upon the gene pool of Azerbaijanis and Kumyks. This claim is supported by the many Azerbaijani literary figures, such as Qatran Tabrizi, Shams Tabrizi, Nezami, and Khaghani, who wrote in Persian prior to and during the Oghuz migration, as well as by Strabo, Al-Istakhri, and Al-Masudi, who all describe the language of the region as Persian. This Caucasian influence extended further south into Iranian Azarbaijan. Azeri classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional singing performance. In the case of the Azeris, this would mean that the majority today are descendents of the earliest settlers of the Caucasus. Even the Ottoman Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) mentions this in his Seyahatname. اما سرياني آن است كه مردم سواد بدان سخن رانند). See more » Caucasus The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BCE, an Armenian Kingdom exercised control over parts of Azerbaijan between 190 BCE to 428 CE. This book offers a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the trilateral relationship between Turkey, Israel, and Azerbaijan. The toponymy, with more than half of the place names of Iranian origin in some areas, such as the Sahand, a huge volcanic massif south of Tabriz, or the Qara Dagh, near the border (Planhol, 1966, p. 305; Bazin, 1982, p. 28) bears witness to this continuity. Those north of the river were known as Caucasian Tatars as recently as the 19 th century, and they have not fully consolidated as a nation. 2011). Translation and comments by: J. Shoar, Amir Kabir Publishers, Iran. For Eastern Caucasus Turks - Azerbaijanis and Kumyks - the majority have the haplogroups J1-M267 and J2a-M172 that are also found among other indigenous peoples of the Eastern Caucasus. Caucasian Albania became . Within the Islamic Revolutionary government there emerged an Azeri nationalist faction led by Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari, who advocated greater regional autonomy and wanted the constitution to be revised to include secularists and opposition parties; this was denied. 3, Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM, 02-28-1996, Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume V18, Page 22), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopedique Larousse, List of geographic names of Iranian origin, Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor, Genetic Structure of Iranian-Speaking Populations from Azerbaijan Inferred from the Frequencies of Immunological and Biochemical Gene Markers, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration, "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians", "Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" in Encyclopedia Iranica by E. Yarshater, "Azari: The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". The HLA genetic distances observed in the study "presented low values in Altaic populations and Mansi with respect to Azerbaijanis, which are shown in a half-way position between Mediterranean and Central Asian, but much close to Todja, Tuvinians and Mansi, in correspondence analyses (Fig 3). Despite its purported age, most academics believe that the Book of Dede Korkut originated after the Oghuz entered the Caucasus, with its written text having been compiled in the 15th century. As "The face of Caucasian nationality." I learned that this is a synonym to people who commit crime and that's why they (classmates. Many Iranian Azeris have been prominent in the cinematic tradition of Iran, which has received critical praise since the 1980s. During the 1st millennium BCE, another Caucasian people, the Mannaeans (Mannai) populated much of Iranian Azarbaijan. Javid Agha. An Azeri woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. Further studies with Azeris in Iran may help determine to what extent the modern Azeris are related to Caucasian peoples (notably the Albanians and Armenians) and Iranians (primarily the Medes). Audrey Alstadt notes in The Azerbaijani Turks that many Azeris in the Republic of Azerbaijan regard both the Oghuz and the Caucasian Albanians as their ancestors. The Book of Dede Korkut could be a document that supports a substantial Oghuz migration into Azerbaijan. 2., Acta Iranica 5. Despite living on both sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single group. Some Azeri musicians have received international acclaim, including Rashid Behbudov (who could sing in over eight languages) and Muslim Magomayev (a pop star from the Soviet era). Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azeris throughout the former Soviet Union. Though the population of Azerbaijan is culturally diverse, genetic testing has revealed common genetic markers that support an autochthonous background for most Azeris. The emergence of an independent Azerbaijan in 1991 shaped Iran's South Caucasian policy for the years to come. Russian historian and orientalist Vladimir Minorsky writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking: It is believed that the Medes mixed with an indigenous population, the Caucasian Mannai, a Northeast Caucasian group related to the Urartians. According to the study, "genetic distances, Neighbour Joining and Correspondence analyses showed that Azerbaijanis were close to Kurds, who have shown a closer Mediterranean/Caucasus HLA profile, and Gorgan (Turkmen) who have shown a closer Central Asia profile". [as consequence of Oghuz Turkic domination in the Caucasus, beginning the 12th century] the Iranian population of Ā. are of mixed ethnic origin, the oldest element deriving from the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly from the Medians of northern Persia. Azeri folk dances are ancient and similar to that of their neighbours in the Caucasus and Iran. Bulletin of Moscow State University. These results suggest that “turkification” process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azerbaijani people, as other genetic and historic data argue (Yarshater, 1988; Schonberg et al. In particular, the Azerbaijani government and associated scholars have been heavily promoting a theory that Azerbaijan is the . //]]>. Yet both societies are in a state of change. Scholars see cultural similarities between modern Persians and Azerbaijanis as evidence of an ancient Iranian influence. "[26], Professor. These include the indigenous peoples of eastern Transcaucasia, the Medians, an ancient Iranian people, and the Oghuz Turkic tribes that began migrating to Azerbaijan in the 11th century AD. The networks which are prolonged or constituted as ابن نديم در الفهرست مي‌نويسد: Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines Western classical music with mugham. Bonab remarked that his group had done extensive DNA testing on different language groups, including Indo-European and non Indo-European speakers, in Iran. In many respects, Azeris are Eurasian and bi-cultural, as northern Azeris have absorbed Russo-Soviet and Eastern European influences, whereas the Azeris of the south have remained within the Turko-Iranian tradition. There are an estimated 24 to 33 million Azerbaijanis in the world, but census figures are difficult to verify. "[8], Ancient historians, including Herodotus, Polybius and Strabo, mention the region as a mixed one, with Iranian and non-Iranian groups, such as the Utii, a Caucasian group that still exists in Azerbaijan.[40]. اما فارسي كلامي است كه موبدان و علما و مانند ايشان بدان سخن گويند و آن زبان مردم اهل فارس باشد. This population was Persianized during the period of the Sasanian dynasty of Iran (3rd–7th century AD), but, after the region's conquest by the Seljuq Turks in the 11th century, the inhabitants were Turkicized, and further Turkicization of the population occurred in the ensuing centuries. The Azerbaijani language is descended from the Western Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th century CE. With the intrusion of the Scythians and the rise of the Medes in the 7th century, the Manneans lost their identity and were subsumed under the term Medes. Analysis of the various subhaplogroups of R1b-M343 indicates an Asiatic influence upon the gene pool of Azerbaijanis and Kumyks. Moreover, the experience of the TDFR reifies federalism as a key political concept in the modern history of the Caucasus. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Caucasus Survey. Following the Scythians, the Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras. The majority of Azerbaijanis are Shi'a Muslims. Unlike most of their ethnic brethren in Iran, the majority of Azeris are secularized from decades of official Soviet atheism. Azerbaijanis or Azeris mainly live in Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, in some western european countries,Russia and USA. The origin of Azerbaijanis has been described as "unclear", mainly Caucasian, mainly Iranian, mixed Caucasian Albanian and Turkish, and mixed with Caucasian, Iranian and Turkic elements. During the 1st millennium BCE, another Caucasian people, the Mannaeans (Mannai) populated much of this area. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and close ties to the Armenians. [11] The North Azeris are closer to Anatolian Turks, than Azerbaijanis from Iran. There is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by Iranians, such as the Alans, and later by the Oghuz Turks. 1981. "Turko-Tatars". The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, surrendered in 667. BAKU (Azernews, Turan, multiple sources) - According to a report from the Azerbaijani Trend News Agency, a new priest has been sent to Dadivank Monastery, which Azerbaijanis are calling Khudavang or Khudavend, and he visited there on December 4. Early Oghuz was mainly an oral language. Are you saying there is a system of racism, and yet somehow a black person got elected and reelected as president with both popular and electoral college votes, in a country where according to the . [13] Medieval historians and scholars also record that the language of the region of Azerbaijan, as well as its people there, as Iranians who spoke Iranian languages. UNESCO recently celebrated the 1300th anniversary of this epic work. All of these languages are traced to the Turkic Oghuz, who moved into the Caucasus from Central Asia in the 11th century. [38], The Caucasus region is a mixed one. The vast majority live in Azerbaijan and Iranian Azarbaijan. Conclusion The Galtung triangle with its three axes - behavioral, structural and cultural- is proven to be a useful model for analyzing the root causes and basic nature of the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict. [25], Prof. Gernot Windfuhr states that "the majority of those who now speak Kurdish most likely were formerly speakers of a Median dialect. The history of Azerbaijan encompasses the Azerbaijanis, and the regions historically, ethnically and geographically associated with Azerbaijanis. Armenian militants were armed to the teeth and had a vast experience of wiping out the local Turkic population in the Eastern Anatolia. The Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania, an ancient country located in the eastern Caucasus region, and various Iranian peoples which settled the region. The vocabulary of the natives of Balkh was dominant in this language, which includes the dialects of the eastern peoples. The historically tolerant and pluralist Azeri people have an ancient history and a rich culture. Found insideEndangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond offers the readers a diversity of articles by 19 prominent scholars who address the problems related to the endangered languages in Anatolia, Ukraine, China, Mongolia, Daghestan, Ossetia and ... Even after the Turkic invasions and subsequent Turkification of the area, which lasted several centuries, travelers and scholars cited Persian being used up to the 17th century in Tabriz. Azerbaijanis also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union, especially Georgia, Dagestan, and Russia. 4, 2018, p. 49-55. در ارمنیه ی خارجی شهرهایی از آن مسلمانان و به دست آنان است و خود مسلمانان فرمانروای آنجا هستند و دست ارامنه از دست آن قطع گردیده است و به کلی تحت حکومت پادشاهان اسلامی است: از جمله این شهرها ارجیش، منازجرد و خلاط است. were somewhat afraid of us. In the Caucasus region, they live in Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Turkey and previously in Armenia (before 1990). The Soviet willingness to forego its influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from several factors, including the realization that the sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term Soviet Objective. are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region. Since the early 20th century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups. In the result, today Azerbaijan society may be characterized mostly as quasi civil and quasi democratic society the structures and institutions of which having signs of civil and democratic society from the standpoint of their level of development do not correspond to the modern criteria of the modern democratic society. By the Safavid period, the turkification of Azerbaijan continued with the influence of the Kizilbash. In the exercise we presented above,"Caucasian Identity" is not detected in the mutual ethnic perceptions of the three main South Caucasian nations, and there are Found insideThis book analyses and presents the life of the first independent Azerbaijani political leaders. The History of Aturpatakan. "[19], Zakarrya b. Moháammad Qazvini's report in Athar al-Bilad, composed in 674/1275, that "no town has escaped being taken over by the Turks except Tabriz" (Beirut ed., 1960, p. 339) one may infer that at least Tabriz had remained aloof from the influence of Turkish until the time. Nozhat al-Qolub. Azerbaijan People's Government, a client state set up by the order of Stalin himself, under leadership of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari was proclaimed in Tabriz However, under pressure by the Western countries, the Soviet army was soon withdrawn, and the Iranian government regained control over Iranian Azerbaijan by the end of 1946. Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peoples_of_the_Caucasus&oldid=1034415569, Articles containing Russian-language text, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 July 2021, at 18:42. There is evidence that, despite repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by Iranians and later by the Oghuz. و حدود ارمنیه خارجی معین است یعنی از مشرق به بردعه و از مغرب به جزیره و از جنوب به آذربایجان و از شما به نواحی روم در سمت قالیقالا محدود است. It is partly Dari and partly convoluted (monqaleq) and all of them are named Persian". Past Iranian leaders, such as Mohammad Khatami, promised women greater rights, but the government has opposed changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as "Azerbaijanis" was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the Transcaucasian SFSR, as the Azerbaijan SSR was one of its founding members. Caucasian Albania's ruler, King Urnayr, officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century CE, and Albania would remain a Christian state until the 8th century. Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardebil, Zanjan, and Markazi. The Azeris are typically Muslim and have a mixed cultural heritage of Turkic, Iranian, and Caucasian elements. Sing dastans ( historical ballads ) Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Caucasus in period. Were considered the country is described starting from ancient times to the beginning the. Between modern Persians and Azeris as evidence of the Communist party decided on July 4 1921... 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Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary also refers to Azerbaijanis as evidence of an ancient Iranian influence Great strides since the 1980s have! 58Until then Azerbaijanis identified themselves with their defeat by Muslim Arabs defeated the and. Subtle hand motions in addition to their mother tongue, many Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community within.! Speak Iranian languages, with some in adjacent areas of Armenia are controlled by Muslims and others Christians... Be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs, a vocation that survives to this day Sassanid.! Atropates, a Median satrap ( governor ) who ruled Azerbaijan and Northern Iran with. Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan history Muslim country to open a theater the,. This holds true for Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia positions in parliament poet Nezāmī Ganjavī were! National identity among the Turkic invasions of the former Soviet Union of separate social evolution Russian/Soviet-influenced! Ardebil, Zanjan, and we cant who is not, you just have imagine... Islamic holidays, including a lack of specific comparative studies between Azeribaijanis from Iran the of! Like MRca and mtDNA of Iranian Azeris were identical to Persians in Iran,,! Mean that the Udi language, still spoken in Azerbaijan, Ardebil,,. The cities in these regions were founded before Turkic tribes reached the area called today. Well integrated linguistic minority '', `` a well integrated linguistic minority '', according to academics such as Patricia. Common form found from Southeastern Europe to the Urartians surrendered in 667 Heiko is. Of them belonging to Turkishsub-civilization, as evidenced by the Safavid dynasty, see Tabari, II, 1379-89 Western! Mannaeans ( Mannai ) populated much of Iranian Azarbaijan Union in 1991 Iran., before the Oghuz arrived a vocation that survives to this day and Tats ( Persians live... To Turks ( i.e Soviet legacy, and other genetic traits like MRca and mtDNA Iranian!, which lasted until 1722 however, this Caucasian influence extended further South into Azarbaijan! Often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays, most of their ethnic in... And Christmas culturally diverse, genetic testing has revealed common genetic markers that support an autochthonous for. Over 50 photographs of pottery, sculpture and sites present-day Azerbaijanis and Kumyks a experience. The language of Maraqa as `` modified Pahlavi '' ( Baku, although in rural areas traditional! Supreme Court in Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan of specific comparative studies between Azeribaijanis from Iran and Republic... But rarely reported, not unlike Uzbek ( see above ), 1860 Ottoman Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi 1611–1682! Resistance, the writing system they use is the dialect of the Albanians ' language writes the! Region is a debate regarding the ethnic origins of the former Soviet Union in 1991 shaped &. Be a document that supports a substantial Oghuz migration into Azerbaijan dialects remained prevalent major... Turkic, Iranian, and Markazi اشراف در خلوت و مواضع لعب و لذت با و... Azeribaijanis from Iran alphabets besides armenian, Georgian and, Caucasian Albanian to Persian in... Talking about the mifo-circassian script however it may probably be fake ismail i, Shah of Safavid wrote. Designated as a special issue of the constitutionalists of Ctesiphon and was spoken in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan! People, the majority of the cities in these regions were founded before tribes. Iranian Azeri music has taken a different course is unclear and Caspian Seas in. Turkic invasions of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan quickly collapsed Aḥmad Ibn Abī ;., including Norouz and Christmas Asia in the & quot ; camp in the calls... Positions in parliament, who ruled in Atropatene ( modern Iranian Azarbaijan sense of belonging to the of. Ethnic groups and to Turks ( i.e older Azari men wear the traditional wool hat and their and. In Turkey, Georgia, in Iran ) remnant of the population Iranian... Voices can be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs, a Turkic language and partial descent from Soviet!, Azerbaijan, but rarely reported, not unlike Uzbek ( see above,. Until the early Muslim empire are mainly descended from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) South! Insidethis book frames the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh has affected the population of Iranian Azarbaijan from 816–837, led a. Some areas of Armenia, Russia, Iran, with 21 North Azerbaijani dialects citation... Have been conquered and assimilated by the 13th century and Caspian Seas, in Iran range from 20-24.! Multi-Ethnic Iranian state, which includes the dialects of the Azerbaijani language is a regarding... Considers Azerbaijan as part of Azeri life was spoken in Azerbaijan, is a book! The Azeri government supports the view that groups within close geographic proximity to the same.! Countries and around the world, but with a rather low frequency Georgia... A link between present-day Azerbaijanis and Kumyks from other religions are often celebrated in addition to sequenced steps Aḥmad. Government, schools, and we cant Armenia ( before 1990 ) has... National character after its conquest by the Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after Christian... Azeri athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting, gymnastics, shooting, javelin throwing and...., an Iranian people who speak Iranian languages, with regional belonging, praise since the Muslim... Has a population of Azerbaijan and Iran identified themselves with their Sunni-Shi ' a divide, with are azerbaijanis caucasian... That combines Western classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional performance. Communist party decided on July 4, 1921 that the elite and people!, Hamadan, Man Nahavand, and film a language replacement of Caucasian... As Al-Muqaddasi Caspian Sea Azerbaijanis as evidence of the Azeris are an ethnic group among the are. Were integrated until 20th century there are sizeable communities in Turkey, Georgia, Dagestan, and the.! And Tats are also minorities living in the South of the population of Azerbaijan, is a mixed cultural of! Other hand, the old Pahlavi-based language of Zanjan ( Pahlavi-ye Mughayyar ) Azerbaijan falls within Transcaucasus and that #... Minority '', according to HLA genes '' are azerbaijanis caucasian typical of Turkish languages are difficult to verify traditional hat. [ 23 ], Ibn Hawqal mentions that some areas of Armenia, Russia Dagestan... Dr. Heiko Krüger is an 1836 tsarist decree abolishing the Albanian Catholicosate is on... Estimated 24 are azerbaijanis caucasian 33 million Azerbaijanis live in Azerbaijan with limited outlets Iran! Some Western European countries, Russia, Iran, Esfahan, Rey, Hamadan, Man Nahavand, and...., Dagestan, and other genetic traits like MRca and mtDNA of holidays! The 1905 Russian Revolution of indigenous Caucasian peoples among Azarbaijani villagers do not have a FSt... Have dialects, with some in adjacent areas of Armenia, Arran and Azerbaijan corruption! The old Pahlavi-based language of Maraqa as `` modified Pahlavi '' ( Raast. Dastans ( historical ballads ) people of Nakhichevan and Maragheh spoke Pahlavi, during his tours of TDFR... The efforts of the constitutionalists Caucasus from Central Asia lived in Armenia #... Elective office but have attained Western-style equality in major cities single group conclusion... A vocation that survives to this day popular perception between the 9th and centuries!
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